Exemplo com Bind Mount

Execução do container NgInx:

$ docker container run -d -p 8080:80 nginx
85098f9922557812e492c4d48be69ce3cb7b3db4310c0b9a4b42d85d28dd8dfb
$ docker container ls
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS          PORTS
   NAMES
85098f992255   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   15 seconds ago   Up 15 seconds   0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp, :::8080->80/tcp   stoic_austin

/tmp/volume/bind$ mkdir html
/tmp/volume/bind$ touch html/index.html
/tmp/volume/bind$ tree
.
├── Dockerfile
├── html
│   └── index.html
└── vol
    ├── teste.txt
    ├── teste2.txt
    └── teste3.txt

2 directories, 5 files
/tmp/volume/bind$ vim html/index.html
/tmp/volume/bind$ cat html/index.html
<h1>Teste</h1>

Formas de mapeamento

1. Mapear o diretório /tmp/volume/bind/html no diretório que o NgInx utiliza para apresentar seu index.html

Remover o container em execução:

$ docker container ls
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS          PORTS
   NAMES
85098f992255   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   13 minutes ago   Up 13 minutes   0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp, :::8080->80/tcp   stoic_austin
$ docker container rm -f 85098f992255   
8509
$ docker container ls -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

Execução do container:

/tmp/volume/bind$ docker container run -d -p 8080:80 -v $(pwd)/html:/usr/share/nginx/html nginx
1c2f08e9713c5dd883be005074154600eb5468d44dc8d889393efc9bd665db35
/tmp/volume/bind$ docker container ls
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS              PORTS
           NAMES
1c2f08e9713c   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute   0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp, :::8080->80/tcp   sleepy_pascal

1. Mapear um arquivo específico

Exclusão do container em execução:

/tmp/volume/bind$ docker container rm -f 1c2f08e9713c
1c2f08e9713c
marcelo@Latitude5440:/tmp/volume/bind$ docker container ls -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES

Execução do container:

$ docker container run -d -p 8080:80 -v $(pwd)/html/index.html:/usr/share/nginx/htm
l/index.html nginx
b4ff063a485961fd61519ab5188e95d31be1e3477f8345d2296f0b885564d5c1
/tmp/volume/bind$ docker container ls
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS         PORTS
 NAMES
b4ff063a4859   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   8 seconds ago   Up 8 seconds   0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp, :::8080->80/tcp   recursing_gagarin

Principal desvantagem: O arquivo é gerenciado pelo usuário e não pelo Docker