Usar um estágio de build como base

Também é possível utilizar a imagem intermediária para outra imagem que, inclusive, pode ser uma imagem intermediária.

Dockerfile:

# IMAGEM INTERMEDIARIA 1
# imagem base nomeada como build
FROM golang:1.18.1 AS build
WORKDIR /build
COPY . .
# compilacao da aplicacao em binario
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -installsuffix cgo -o main .

# IMAGEM INTERMEDIARIA 2 A PARTIR DA IMAGEM INTERMEDIARIA 1
# imagem intermediaria package_build
# o binario da aplicacao compilada foi trazida para essa imagem
FROM build AS package_build
WORKDIR /pkg
# copia arquivo de imagem remota
COPY --from=marcelodpbarbieri/pacote-bin:latest /pkg/pacote.bin .

# IMAGEM FINAL
# imagem base nomeada como app
FROM alpine:3.20.2 AS app
WORKDIR /app
# copia do pacote.bin da imagem intermediaria (package_build)
COPY --from=package_build /pkg/pacote.bin .
# copia do binario da imagem intermediaria (build) para a imagem final
COPY --from=package_build /build/main .
CMD ["./main"]

Construção da imagem:

$ docker image build -t marcelodpbarbieri/app-multistage:multistage 
                -f Dockerfile . --no-cache
[+] Building 10.0s (18/18) FINISHED                                  docker:default
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                           0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 875B                                           0.0s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/marcelodpbarbieri/pacote-bin:lates  0.0s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/golang:1.18.1               1.0s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/alpine:3.20.2               1.0s
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                              0.0s
 => => transferring context: 2B                                                0.0s
 => [build 1/4] FROM docker.io/library/golang:1.18.1@sha256:12d3995156cb0dcdb  0.0s
 => [app 1/4] FROM docker.io/library/alpine:3.20.2@sha256:0a4eaa0eecf5f8c050e  0.0s
 => [internal] load build context                                              0.0s
 => => transferring context: 84B                                               0.0s
 => CACHED FROM docker.io/marcelodpbarbieri/pacote-bin:latest                  0.0s
 => CACHED [build 2/4] WORKDIR /build                                          0.0s
 => CACHED [app 2/4] WORKDIR /app                                              0.0s
 => [build 3/4] COPY . .                                                       0.0s
 => [build 4/4] RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -a -installsuffix cgo -  8.5s
 => [package_build 1/2] WORKDIR /pkg                                           0.1s
 => [package_build 2/2] COPY --from=marcelodpbarbieri/pacote-bin:latest /pkg/  0.1s
 => [app 3/4] COPY --from=package_build /pkg/pacote.bin .                      0.1s
 => [app 4/4] COPY --from=package_build /build/main .                          0.1s
 => exporting to image                                                         0.1s
 => => exporting layers                                                        0.0s
 => => writing image sha256:4bc91eb51672204636259acdc5f4ce71c1f38ab814878f840  0.0s
 => => naming to docker.io/marcelodpbarbieri/app-multistage:multistage         0.0s
$ docker container run -d -p 8080:8080 marcelodpbarbieri/app-multistage:multistage
55d824a2a0eb59c19460196f3543b6e7112f026cd1ea70a4205dbc21fb7aadcd
$ docker container ls
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                                         COMMAND    CREATED          STATUS          PORTS                                       NAMES
55d824a2a0eb   marcelodpbarbieri/app-multistage:multistage   "./main"   24 seconds ago   Up 23 seconds   0.0.0.0:8080->8080/tcp, :::8080->8080/tcp   affectionate_sutherland
$ docker exec -it 55d824a2a0eb /bin/sh
/app # ls
main        pacote.bin

$ docker image history marcelodpbarbieri/app-multistage:multistage
IMAGE          CREATED         CREATED BY                                      SIZE      COMMENT
4bc91eb51672   2 minutes ago   CMD ["./main"]                                  0B        buildkit.dockerfile.v0
<missing>      2 minutes ago   COPY /build/main . # buildkit                   6.24MB    buildkit.dockerfile.v0
<missing>      2 minutes ago   COPY /pkg/pacote.bin . # buildkit               9B        buildkit.dockerfile.v0
<missing>      3 hours ago     WORKDIR /app                                    0B        buildkit.dockerfile.v0
<missing>      4 weeks ago     /bin/sh -c #(nop)  CMD ["/bin/sh"]              0B